Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Butter two 8 1/2-by-4 1/2-by-2 1/2-inch loaf pans.
Cream the butter and granulated sugar in the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, until light and fluffy, 2 to 3 minutes.
With the mixer on medium speed, add the eggs, 1 at a time, and the lemon zest.
In a bowl, sift together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. In another bowl, combine the lemon juice, buttermilk, and vanilla. Add the flour and buttermilk mixtures alternately to the batter, beginning and ending with the flour. Divide the batter evenly between the pans and smooth the tops.
Bake for 45 to 55 minutes, until a cake tester or toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean.
When the cakes are done, let them cool in the pan on a wire rack placed on a baking sheet for 10 minutes.
Invert the cakes onto the rack. Turn the cakes right side up and, while still warm, make the lemon syrup.